Thanks for the advice, Lackey-sensei! I'm impressed by your correction, just a few tweaks make that sprite look a lot better already.

You're very right on about the colors. From now on, I'll avoids fully saturated colors, except maybe for special effects such as "magic".
Also, I noticed that in your correction, the shape of the head is much better, less round, the ears are smaller, and the chin is shadowed, not outlined. I was struggling with that chin and the position and size of the mouth, as it was touching the outline, or at least seemed to do so. But with a shadowed chin, the mouth also comes out much better.
The reason the elbows were sticking out was because I had trouble in defining the arms and shoulders. I used thin wrists because I thought they looked better. But then I found that the arms would stick to the torso too much, so I had the elbows stick out a bit to suggest "wideness". But your solution is much better, making the shoulders more square and turning the lines of his shirt towards the torso, and also widening the wrists a bit, makes the arms a lot better defined.
Oh yeah, and , of course, the waist shouldn't be a straight line. Heh, how come I didn't d see all those details before?

Anyway, I'd hate to steal your correction as it is so much better than my attempt, so I'll scrap this sprite and redo it, keeping your advice in mind.