Processing the images on the server seems ideal, especially if you can cache them, and if you only do it for affected browsers I doubt the data increase will be too bad.
I'm not sure there would be processing power for that on the server. But a blank canvas, a reference canvas loaded with the picture and a javascript loop that goes
pixel = src.getpixel(x,y);
dst.putpixel(x*2,y*2); dst.putpixel(x*2+1, y*2);
dst.putpixel(x*2,y*2+1); dst.putpixel(x*2+1, y*2+1);
should do the trick client-side.
Naturally, having a browser that can simply scale, I'd love if that function was linked on some special chrome-dedicated click combo and that the current one just survives.
It would also be nice to have the option to zoom-out pictures smaller than 1:1 Although it's not useful for pixel art, it happens now and then that people post non-pixel art as reference, illustration, etc. which may screw post readability.